https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v8i1.341
Received June 19, 2023/ Approved September, 22, 2023 Pages 123-130
eISSN: 2600-5743
Evaluation of environmental quality
in the city of Quevedo: the
significant role of the San Camilo
parish in sustainable development
Evaluación de la calidad ambiental en la ciudad de
Quevedo: el rol significativo de la parroquia San Camilo
en el desarrollo sostenible
Karla Paulina Bravo Coello
Máster en Arquitectura Mención en Proyectos Arquitectónicos y Urbanos
graduada en la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo, karla.bravo@usgp.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3661-1087
Clemencia Coello León
Doctora en Ciencias Pedagógicas en Enseñanza de la Matemática (Pinar del Río –
Cuba), Magister en Gerencia de Proyectos Educativos y Sociales, Geóloga.
Docente de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, ecoello@uteq.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6251-9233
Giancarlo Bravo Coello
Ingeniero Civil graduado de la Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
(ESPOL).Guayaquil, Ecuador, gbravo@espol.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-
0004-8192-245X
ABSTRACT
This study conducts a comprehensive assessment of environmental
quality in the city of Quevedo, focusing specifically on the San Camilo
Parish and exploring its crucial role in sustainable development.
Various indicators and methodologies are employed to measure
environmental quality, addressing aspects such as pollution, waste
management, urban planning and biodiversity. The results highlight
the importance of San Camilo Parish as a key actor in promoting
sustainable practices and highlight the need for specific strategies to
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improve environmental quality in this urban area. This study
contributes significantly to the understanding of the challenges and
opportunities for sustainable development in Quevedo, offering
valuable recommendations for the formulation of future policies and
actions.
RESUMEN
Este estudio realiza una evaluación exhaustiva de la calidad ambiental
en la ciudad de Quevedo, centrándose específicamente en la Parroquia
San Camilo y explorando su papel crucial en el desarrollo sostenible.
Se emplean diversos indicadores y metodologías para medir la calidad
ambiental, abordando aspectos como la contaminación, la gestión de
residuos, la planificación urbana y la biodiversidad. Los resultados
destacan la importancia de la Parroquia San Camilo como un actor
clave en la promoción de prácticas sostenibles y resaltan la necesidad
de estrategias específicas para mejorar la calidad ambiental en esta
área urbana. Este estudio contribuye significativamente al
entendimiento de los desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo
sostenible en Quevedo, ofreciendo recomendaciones valiosas para la
formulación de políticas y acciones futuras.
Keywords / Palabras clave
Environmental Quality, Sustainable Development, Urban
Development Assessment
Calidad Ambiental, Desarrollo Sostenible, Evaluación Urbanística
Introduction
Planning and sustainable urban development have emerged as critical
issues in the global context, highlighting the imperative need to assess
and improve environmental quality in urban settings. Considering
that population growth in cities is directly proportional to the demand
for infrastructure such as transportation, wastewater treatment,
housing, commerce, education and recreation (Shao et al., 2020).
With attention to environmental quality being of vital importance as a
key area of study in urban social geography, mainly in research carried
out from an applied or problem-oriented perspective (Nagendra et al.,
2014).
This study focuses on the city of Quevedo, where a comprehensive
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assessment of environmental quality is carried out, with special
attention to the Parroquia San Camilo. This particular area plays a
crucial role in the overall picture of the city's sustainable development,
serving as a microcosm that reflects the challenges and opportunities
faced by many contemporary urban areas.
The use of Urban Environmental Quality Indicators (UEQI) is
considered fundamental in the development of urban planning and
design strategies, because there are many factors that affect the
environmental quality of a city, which are related to each other such as
population, road network, buildings, green areas, and air and water
quality, which can positively or negatively affect the quality of life of
citizens (Nichol and Wong, 2005; Santana et al., 2010, p. 78;
Hernández-Guerrero, 2015, p.46).
The assessment is based on this indicator and methodologies that
address key issues such as pollution, waste management, urban
planning and biodiversity. By analyzing these key components, this
study seeks not only to identify existing environmental problems, but
also to highlight sustainable practices and effective strategies
implemented in San Camilo Parish.
The results of this assessment will not only contribute to the
knowledge of the specific environmental challenges facing Quevedo,
but will also shed light on the importance of the San Camilo Parish as
a vital actor in the promotion of sustainable practices. In addition, it is
expected that the recommendations resulting from this study will
provide a solid basis for the formulation of future policies and actions
to improve environmental quality and move towards more sustainable
urban development in the city of Quevedo.
The assessment of environmental quality in urban settings has become
a critical area of research, driven by the growing awareness of the
negative impacts of human activities on the environment. The city of
Quevedo, like many other urban areas, faces significant challenges in
terms of sustainable development and preservation of the natural
environment. This state of the art seeks to contextualize the proposed
research, focusing on the relevance of assessing environmental quality
and the prominent role played by San Camilo Parish in this process.
The concept of sustainable urban development has gained prominence
in the scientific and urban planning literature. Research highlights the
importance of addressing sustainability in the urban context to
mitigate negative environmental impacts. This approach considers not
only economic growth, but also social equity and environmental
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preservation as fundamental pillars. It is important to emphasize that
the environment is composed of both the natural and the human
components, as explained by Cañizares (2001) is the interaction of
both natural elements (soil, subsoil, surface and subway water, flora,
fauna, etc.) and the human element (human settlements), therefore, if
it only refers to natural resources or nature, it does not refer to the
environment, but simply to the natural environment.
Numerous studies have developed methodologies to assess
environmental quality in urban settings. Indicators such as air quality,
waste management, urban planning and biodiversity have been used
to measure the environmental health of a city. The integration of these
indicators provides a holistic view of the challenges and opportunities
in improving environmental quality. Urban environmental quality
qualifies and evaluates the characteristics of the urban physical space,
in close relation to the well-being of the inhabitants, it refers to the
extent to which human and environmental factors affect the
inhabitants of a city, either favorably or unfavorably, as explained by
(Cartay A., 2004) "urban environmental quality is reduced to the
degree of satisfaction of certain human needs through the perception
of a larger environment (the city) ..." (p. 498).
The literature recognizes the importance of urban subdivisions, such
as parishes, in sustainable development. These areas often serve as
significant administrative units and have a direct impact on the quality
of life of residents. Assessing the specific role of St. Camillus Parish in
Quevedo in terms of sustainable development offers a valuable
perspective for understanding how local communities contribute to
the bigger picture.
At the local level, there have been some studies on environmental
quality in Quevedo. However, most of these investigations have not
delved into the specific analysis of San Camilo Parish. The present
research seeks to fill this gap and provide a more detailed assessment
of environmental quality in this specific area.
In summary, the assessment of environmental quality in the city of
Quevedo, with a particular focus on San Camilo Parish, is situated at
the intersection of global trends in sustainable urban development and
specific local challenges. This research seeks to contribute to the
overall understanding of how local communities can play a crucial role
in improving environmental quality and fostering sustainable
development in urban settings.
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Materials and Methods
The methodology used in this research aims to conduct a
comprehensive assessment of environmental quality in the city of
Quevedo, with a specific focus on the San Camilo Parish. This
methodological approach is based on a combination of quantitative
and qualitative methods to obtain a holistic understanding of
environmental aspects and their relationship with sustainable
development.
A comprehensive review of the literature related to the assessment of
environmental quality in urban environments and sustainable
development was carried out. Key indicators and methodologies
previously used in similar studies were identified.
For this study, it is important to note that the Urban Environmental
Quality Indicators (CAU), developed and used by the Ministry of
Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, were chosen
as the basis for evaluating the environmental quality of the San Camilo
parish. The ICAU indicators were adapted to meet Ecuadorian
standards and to the conditions of the study area in terms of data
management and interpretation.
The process of selecting and developing the indicators to be used in the
study was determined by the following parameters;
• Population of the urban area to be intervened.
• Site analysis and sector needs.
• Opportunities in data and information collection.
Table 1. Urban Environmental Quality Indicators applied to San
Camilo parish - Classification.
Indicators
I1. Area of green area per inhabitant
I2. Percentage of solid waste disposed of properly
I3. Percentage of urban population located in high risk areas.
I4. Effective Public Space per Inhabitant.
I5. Sensory quality of surface water
I6. Percentage of population participating in urban environmental
management.
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I7. Residential water consumption per inhabitant.
I8. Residential energy consumption per inhabitant.
I9. Quality of effective public space.
Note. Prepared by authors.
Quantitative Data Collection:
- Quantitative data are collected through direct measurements and
existing sources of information, such as local environmental
reports, government data and previous studies.
- Quantitative data focus on specific measurements of selected
indicators, providing a numerical basis for evaluation.
Qualitative Data Collection:
- Interviews and surveys are conducted with residents, local
authorities and experts in San Camilo Parish to obtain qualitative
perspectives on environmental quality and sustainable practices.
Table 2. Technical data on the surface of green areas per inhabitant.
I1. Green Area Per Inhabitant
Features
Variables
Source of data
Units of
Measurement
Measuring system
Formula
!"#$% &
!'()*+,-,)%./.01%2)%3*)0%4)*2)
5/610-,78%2)%10%9/80
Scale of Measurement
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Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental Quality
Index-ICAU (2016). (2016)
For the calculation of this indicator, a satellite image of the San Camilo
parish will be used to estimate the total area of green area, which will
be divided by the population of the area obtained from the National
Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC).
Table 3. Matrix describing the percentage of solid waste disposed of
properly.
I2. Percentage of solid waste disposed of properly.
Features
Variables
Source of data
Unit of
Measurement
Measuring system
Formula
:;!<"
&
;)=,2'/=%!71,2/=%<,=(')=./=%"2)-'020>)8.)
;)=,2'/=%!71,2/=%?)8)*02/=
%@%ABB
Scale of Measurement
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Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental Quality
Index-ICAU (2016). (2016)
Table 4. Matrix describing the percentage of urban population
located in high hazard areas.
I3. Percentage of urban population located in high risk
areas.
Features
Description
Variables
People living in high threat areas - People
living in the sector.
Source of data
Database of the Municipality of Quevedo -
INEC - Risk Management Secretariat.
Measurement
System
(%) Percentage.
Measuring system
Formula
:%CDEFF
&
5)*=/80=%G')%4,4)8%)8%9/80=%2)%0>)8090%01.0
5)*=/80=%G')%4,4)8%)8%)1%=)-./*
%@%ABB
Scale of Measurement
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Note: Prepared by authors
Table 5. Matrix of description of effective public space per inhabitant.
I4. Effective public space per inhabitant.
Features
Description
Variables
Total area of public space - total population.
Source of data
Database of the municipality of Quevedo-
INEC.
Measurement
System
Square Meters
Measuring system
Formula
%HCHI &
J*)0%./.01%2)1%)=(0-,/%(K61,-/
5/610-,78%L/.01
%
Scale of Measurement
Note: Prepared by author, based on the Urban Environmental Quality
Index-ICAU (2016). (2016)
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Table 1. Perceptual surface water quality description matrix.
I5. Sensory quality of surface water
Features
Description
Variables
Surface water in San Camilo parish, San
Camilo village
Source of data
Surveys conducted among the population -
Section 1
Measurement
System
Qualitative
Measuring system
Scale of Measurement
Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental Quality
Index-ICAU (2016). (2016)Benez, Kauffer Michel, & Álvarez
Gordillo,(2010).
Table 10. Matrix describing the percentage of the population
participating in environmental management.
I6. Percentage of population that participates in
environmental management.
Features
Description
Variables
Population that
participates in
environmental
management in the urban
area - Total Population
Source of data
Surveys of the population -
Section 2
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Measurement System
(%) Percentage.
Measuring system
Formula
:%55?"
&
& %CMNOPQR7S%TSQUTVWPXP%YUT%ZP[WRQRZP%TS%\TVWR7S%P]NRTSWPO%TS%TO%3[TP%U[NPSP
5/610-,78%L/.01%)8-')=.020
%@%ABB
Scale of Measurement
Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental
Quality Index-ICAU (2016). (2016)
Table 11. Matrix describing residential water consumption per
inhabitant.
I7. Residential water consumption per inhabitant.
Features
Variables
Source of data
Measurement
System
Measuring system
Formula
:^;"$
&
^/8='>/%*)=,2)8-,01%2)%0_'0%(/*%`06,.08.)
</.0-,78%a3b,>0%2)%0_'0
%b%ABB
Scale of Measurement
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Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental
Quality Index-ICAU (2016). (2016)
Table 12 Perceptual surface water quality description matrix.
I8. Residential energy consumption per inhabitant.
Features
Description
Variables
Total residential water consumption, number
of inhabitants, consumption reference.
Source of data
Surveys of the population - Section 4
Measurement
System
Kilowatt-hours (kWh) - Percentage (%)
Measuring system
Formula
:^;c$
&
^/8='>/%*)=,2)8-,01%2)%)8)*_d0%
^/8='>/%*)=,2)8-,01%2)%)8)*_d0%0e/%08.)*,/*
%b%ABB
Scale of Measurement
Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental Quality
Index-ICAU (2016). (2016);
Data analysis:
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- Statistical analysis of quantitative data is performed using specific
tools, such as statistical software, to assess the magnitude of the
problems and compare with established standards.
- Qualitative data are analyzed using coding and categorization
methods to identify patterns and emerging trends.
Table 13. Description matrix of the evaluation of the quality of public
space.
I9. Quality of effective public space
Features
Description
Variables
Functionally suitable, Environmentally suitable,
Permanent cultural expression, Possibility for recreation
and Presence of security.
Source of data
Observation Form
Measurement
System
Qualitative
Measuring system
Scale of Measurement
Note: Prepared by authors, based on the Urban Environmental Quality
Index-ICAU (2016).
Comparison with Environmental Standards:
- The results obtained are compared with national and international
environmental standards to evaluate the degree of conformity and
determine areas for improvement.
Formulation of Recommendations:
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- Specific recommendations are elaborated based on the findings of
the study, focusing on concrete strategies to improve environmental
quality in San Camilo Parish and contribute to the sustainable
development of Quevedo.
This integrated methodology allows for a comprehensive and detailed
assessment of environmental quality, providing a solid basis for
informed decision-making and the implementation of sustainable
practices in San Camilo Parish and, by extension, in the city of
Quevedo.
Results
The comprehensive assessment of environmental quality in the city of
Quevedo, with a particular focus on the San Camilo Parish, has
provided a detailed overview of various environmental aspects and
their relationship to sustainable development. The results obtained
through quantitative and qualitative methods reveal significant
patterns and provide key information for decision making and the
formulation of strategies aimed at improving environmental quality.
I1. Green area surface per inhabitant
- It presents a deficit in urban green areas in the parish. According to
the study, San Camilo parish has approximately 21,122.86 m2 of green
areas, and considering that the population of the parish is 37,201
inhabitants according to INEC, the result is a value of green area per
inhabitant of 0.57 m2/inhabitant, which in the qualification of this
indicator gives us a total of 1, because it is less than 3m2/inhabitant.
I2. Percentage of solid waste disposed of properly
In Quevedo, garbage is not sorted, i.e., organic and inorganic waste
and hazardous waste such as batteries, aerosols, paints, etc., are mixed
in the same container. The lack of waste classification is a problem in
San Camilo Parish because, according to Soliz et al. (2020). in
Quevedo a total of "269.18 tons/day of garbage is generated."
(p.56)and a per capita generation of "1.3 kg/inhab/day" (p.76).
(p.76)of solid waste, exceeding Ecuador's average per capita
production of "0.83 kg/inhabitant/day" as determined in the
"Technical Bulletin No. 04-2020-GAD Municipales "Gestión de
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Residuos Sólidos" (2021). (2021)The waste is not separated or recycled
by the municipality.
I3. Percentage of urban population located in high risk areas.
Approximately 4.76% of the population of San Camilo parish is in a
high threat zone, giving this indicator a rating of 3. There are
approximately 443 dwellings in the high threat zone, relevant
information on the site, with an approximate population of 1774
people, considering an average of 4 people per dwelling, according to
INEC.
I4. Effective Public Space per Inhabitant
The San Camilo parish has a deficit in effective public space, and it
should be noted that these spaces are located in the northwestern part
of the parish. According to the study carried out, the value resulting
from the sum of the areas of this indicator is 22,609.55 m2 , which in
relation to the population of San Camilo parish gives us the result of
0.61 m2 of effective public space per inhabitant, obtaining a score of 1,
because it is less than 3 m2.
I5. Sensory quality of surface water
The city of Quevedo does not have a wastewater sanitation plant;
therefore, the degree of contamination of the river and estuaries is very
high, in addition to the fact that there is no monitoring equipment
within the city to control water contamination, and these factors also
influence the perception of the inhabitants of the parish of San Camilo,
creating a not at all positive image of the surface water in the area. The
rating in relation to the perception of surface water is 1 because its
quality is between bad and very bad.
I6. Percentage of population participating in urban environmental
management.
There is no initiative on the part of the population or the municipality
to generate campaigns or projects in favor of urban environmental
management. According to the data obtained from the surveys,
48.07% of the population participates in some activity to improve the
urban environment of the San Camilo parish, which is why this
indicator is considered to have a score of 5.
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I7. Residential water consumption per inhabitant
More than half of the respondents stated that the water service in their
homes is constantly unstable, with periodic water cuts, which may be
related to high demand, as well as to external factors, such as damage
to the pipes. It was determined that the maximum supply for the San
Camilo Parish is 230 l/inhab/day, which means that the residential
water consumption per inhabitant is 183%. For this reason, the
indicator has a rating of 1.
I8. Residential energy consumption per inhabitant
San Camilo parish has a high electricity consumption. According to the
data obtained for the year 2021 and 2022, it can be determined that
the coefficient for residential energy consumption per inhabitant is
100%, i.e., in this indicator it obtains a score of 3 for being between
75% and 100% of consumption coefficient.
I9. Quality of effective public space
In the public spaces evaluated in general, there is a lack of artistic
manifestations and recreational areas that include all users. The
analysis of the nine indicators in San Camilo Parish revealed that the
quality of the effective public space is poor, with an index of 2.
In summary, the assessment of environmental quality in San Camilo
Parish, the results indicate that the region's urban environment is
rated as poor, with an average score of 2 on the rating scale. The lowest
quality indicators are I1 (green space per capita), I4 (effective public
space per capita), I5 (sensory quality of surface water) and I7
(residential water consumption per capita), both with a score of 1. This
indicates that the area has very little public space and green space for
use by residents, in addition to the perception of water quality being
poor and residential water consumption per person being very high.
On the other hand, indicators I6 (proportion of population
participating in urban environmental management) and I2
(proportion of solid waste properly treated) are the highest quality
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with a score of 5 in both cases. This shows that people are committed
to environmental management and that proper disposal of solid waste
is a common practice in the region.
The assessment of environmental quality in the city of Quevedo, with
a detailed focus on San Camilo Parish, highlights the urgency of
addressing specific problems in order to move towards sustainable
development. The results serve as a basis for the formulation of
specific recommendations and strategies to address the identified
challenges and promote continuous improvement of environmental
quality in this key urban area.
Conclusions
The comprehensive assessment of environmental quality in the city of
Quevedo, focusing especially on the San Camilo Parish, has provided
a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities
associated with sustainable development in this urban context. From
the results obtained, the following conclusions are derived:
Specific Environmental Challenges:
The city of Quevedo, through the detailed assessment of San Camilo
Parish, faces specific environmental challenges, such as air pollution,
inefficient waste management, deficiencies in urban planning, and
loss of biodiversity.
Impact of Urban Development
Urban sprawl and unplanned development have contributed
significantly to environmental degradation in San Camilo Parish,
affecting air quality, soil and biodiversity.
Importance of Community Participation:
Qualitative perspectives highlight the importance of community
participation in identifying and solving environmental problems.
There is a noticeable interest on the part of the community in
implementing sustainable practices.
Need for Environmental Education:
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There is an urgent need for educational programs to increase
environmental awareness in San Camilo Parish, both among residents
and local authorities, in order to promote more sustainable practices.
Comprehensive Approach Required:
Improving environmental quality in San Camilo Parish, and therefore
in the city of Quevedo, requires an integrated approach that
simultaneously addresses waste management, urban planning, air
quality and biodiversity conservation.
Opportunities for Sustainable Development:
Despite the challenges, opportunities for sustainable development are
identified through the implementation of policies and practices that
promote environmental sustainability and improve the quality of life
of residents.
In summary, the findings of this assessment highlight the urgent need
for specific interventions and the importance of collaboration between
the community, local authorities and other key stakeholders to move
towards more sustainable urban development in Quevedo, with the
San Camilo Parish playing a central role in this process.
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