https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v7i3.224
Received July 11, 2022 / Approved October 30, 2021 Pages: 114-130
eISSN: 2600-5743
Analysis of the labor accident rate
in the Manufacturing Sector
Análisis de la siniestralidad laboral en el Sector
Manufacturero
José Enrique Obando Montenegro
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. PhD in Technical Sciences -
Email: jose.obandom@ug.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0003-2435-5116
Leonardo Álvaro Banguera Arroyo
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. PhD in Engineering Sciences
mention in Industrial Engineering - Email: leonardo.bangueraa@ug.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0002-0261-2372
Rina Jacqueline Vera Nicola
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Health Management-
Email:
rina.veran@ug.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0001-6236-5708
Roger Dario Campoverde Baquerizo
University of Guayaquil. Faculty of Industrial Engineering. Master in Occupational Safety
and Health: roger.campoverdeb@ug.edu.ec
ORCID: 0000-0003-4433-0071
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to provide an updated analysis of the
occupational accident rate in the manufacturing sector in Zone 8 of
Ecuador. In Ecuador, there are annual statistical records of
occupational accidents (occupational accidents and diseases)
published by the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (I.E.S.S. -
Division of Labor Risks) in its annual Statistical Bulletin. Under this
statistical data presentation format, the I.E.S.S. publishes global
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accident figures for productive sectors such as Manufacturing, Mining,
Agriculture, Services, etc. The occupational accident rate is considered
a critical indicator of occupational safety and health, and its study
makes it possible to identify existing risks and develop effective
strategies to prevent occupational accidents and illnesses.
RESUMEN
El objetivo de esta investigación es proporcionar un análisis
actualizado de la siniestralidad laboral en el sector manufacturero de
la Zona 8 de Ecuador. En Ecuador existen registros estadísticos
anuales de siniestralidad laboral (accidentes de trabajo y
enfermedades profesionales) publicados por el Instituto Ecuatoriano
de Seguridad Social (I.E.S.S. - División de Riesgos del Trabajo) en su
Boletín Estadístico anual. Bajo este formato de presentación de datos
estadísticos, el I.E.S.S. publica cifras globales de accidentalidad para
sectores productivos como Manufactura, Minería, Agricultura,
Servicios, etc. La siniestralidad laboral se considera un indicador
crítico de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, y su estudio permite
identificar los riesgos existentes y desarrollar estrategias eficaces para
prevenir los accidentes y enfermedades profesionales.
Keywords / Palabras clave
Accident rate; Production sectors; Accident statistics; Occupational
disease statistics.
Siniestralidad; Sectores de producción; Estadísticas de accidentes;
Estadísticas de enfermedades profesionales.
Introduction
The manufacturing industry is an integral part of the economy of Zone
8 as of Ecuador as a whole, and provides numerous jobs to local
workers (Blay-Palmer et al., 2021; Knapp, 2018, 2018; Martinez Valle,
2017; Valverde Lucio et al., 2021; Vela-Almeida et al., 2018)..
However, authors such as, Badri et al., (2018); Jilcha & Kitaw, (2017);
Kim et al., (2019); Lette et al., (2018) describe that activity in these
manufacturing industries also entails various occupational hazards,
which can result in accidents and illnesses that affect both workers and
companies. The Statistical Bulletin of the IESS - Division of Labor
Risks, presented by. (Vega Suárez, 2022)states that 11,502
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occupational accidents occurred in Ecuador during the year 2021. This
figure includes all productive activities such as industry, commerce,
mining, commercial activity, agriculture, etc. Different authors such
as, (Contreras Ovejero et al., 2018; Gómez García et al., 2018; Hacay-
Chang Leon & Gómez García, 2021; Rodas & Sanchez, 2019) establish
that occupational accidents, can be understood as occupational
accidents and diseases, this accident rate represents a growing concern
in terms of safety and health in the workplace. The manufacturing
sector plays a significant role in the economy of Zone 8 of Ecuador,
and it is essential to understand and address the challenges related to
occupational accidents in this sector to ensure safe and healthy
working conditions.
For Mohammadfam et al. (2017); Payá Castiblanque & Beneyto
Calatayud, (2018); Petitta et al.in their analysis of occupational
accidents, this can have devastating consequences for both workers
and companies. Occupational accidents and illnesses can result in
serious injuries, permanent disabilities and even loss of life. In
addition to the human impact, occupational accidents generate
considerable costs for companies, including medical expenses,
workers' compensation and lost productivity.
Despite efforts to improve working conditions and promote
occupational safety, occupational accidents in the manufacturing
sector in Ecuador's Zone 8 remain a major concern (Hacay-Chang
Leon & Gómez García, 2021).. To develop effective prevention and
improvement strategies, it is crucial to understand the underlying
causes and trends associated with occupational accidents and diseases
in this specific sector.
The objective of this research is to conduct an updated analysis of the
occupational accident rate in the manufacturing sector in Zone 8 of
Ecuador. It will seek to examine the trends, causes and consequences
of occupational accidents in order to identify areas for improvement
and provide practical recommendations to reduce occupational risks
and promote a safe and healthy work environment. It is therefore
crucial to conduct a detailed analysis of occupational accidents in this
sector in order to identify problem areas and propose effective
solutions.
The C.I.I.U. (International Standard Industrial Classification), as an
instrument for the classification of productive activities in Ecuador,
covers 21 sectors such as Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fishing,
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Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, etc.; in turn, within the
Manufacturing sector there are 24 classifications or subsectors of
economic activities that start with coding C10 to C33, which generate
a total of 24 subsectors within the Manufacturing sector, such as:
SUBSECTORNAME
• C-10 Processing of food products
• C-11 Beverage processing
• C-12 Manufacture of tobacco products
• C-13 Manufacture of textile products
• C-14 Manufacture of garments
• C-15 Manufacture of leather and related products
• C-16 Manufacture of wood products
• C-17 Manufacture of paper and paper products
• C-18 Printing and playback of recordings
• C-19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
• C-20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
• C-21 Manufacture of pharmaceutical products
• C-22 Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
• C-23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
• C-24 Base metal manufacturing
• C-25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products
• C-26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
• C-27 Manufacture of electrical equipment
• C-28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment
• C-29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
• C-30 Manufacture of other types of transport equipment
• C-31 Furniture manufacturing
• C-32 Other manufacturing
• C-33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
Specifically in the industrial activity, according to the IESS Bulletin,
206 occupational accidents occurred in 2021, including all provinces
of the country.(Vega Suárez, 2022).
In the undergraduate thesis works that are part of the present
research, the segregation of the figures of work accidents among the
subsectors that make up the Manufacturing area was carried out by
means of mathematical artifices; this information also served as the
basis for the preparation of this document.
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Through an approach based on the review of existing literature, as well
as the analysis of data collected from reliable sources, it is expected to
obtain a comprehensive view of the current situation of occupational
accidents in the manufacturing sector in Zone 8 of Ecuador. The
results of this research could be used by labor authorities, companies
and other relevant actors to develop effective policies and programs
that contribute to the prevention and reduction of occupational
accidents and diseases in this sector.
This document has a structure consisting of an Introduction,
Methodology, Results, Discussion and conclusions detailing the
research data presented.
When looking at the official figures of occupational accidents in
Ecuador and the current International Standard Industrial
Classification (S.I.I.C.), the question arises: What would be the
scenario if the figures of occupational accidents and diseases were
segregated by productive sector and even by productive subsectors,
such as the 24 manufacturing subsectors mentioned above? In
addition, is there any benefit for companies and their workers to have
this information, especially if the objective of this information
processing is to reduce occupational accidents and diseases in the
workplace?
To answer the first question, five Manufacturing subsectors have been
chosen for analysis; then a selection exercise is carried out from among
the five subsectors, based on the following criteria:
• Number of companies in the sector.
• Number of employees.
• Number of accidents.
• Accident severity (average number of days of disability).
• Number of cases of occupational diseases.
• Severity of occupational disease cases.
• Number of provinces where the companies of the analyzed
sector are located.
• Production volume (for domestic and export markets) in dollars
for each sector.
• Volume of exports of each sector in dollars.
For the purposes of this research, only the first four parameters are
considered; however, for subsequent studies, the application of the
nine criteria is recommended in order to better identify the sectors
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whose occupational accident rate should be prioritized. In response to
the second question posed, the benefits that would be obtained, in the
event of this advance in the processing of accident figures, are: (i)
being able to determine productive sectors prone to occupational
accidents; (ii) categorizing productive sectors by typology, frequency
and severity of their accidents and occupational diseases; (iii)
identifying the root cause of recurrent accidents in each sector to
prevent their repetition; (iv) comparing the effectiveness of preventive
strategies implemented by productive sectors to reduce accidents; (v)
reproducing within the same sector the most effective prevention
strategies; (vi) incentivizing sectors with better results in the
management of preventing occupational accidents, etc. Furthermore,
the possibility of using segregated accident figures as a tool for
comparison between countries in the region should not be ruled out,
especially in relation to the costs of medical care for occupational
accidents.
Possible scenarios if the current status quo continues:
• Lack of information on the behavior of the occupational
accident rate of a given productive activity.
• Lack of information on the corrective measures needed to
reduce the accident rate in certain productive sectors.
• Sanctions by the Ministry of Labor for non-compliance with
SSO regulations.
• Lack of campaigns to reduce occupational accidents and
diseases in companies.
• Limitations for the calculation of the medical costs required for
the care of patients injured or affected by any occupational
pathology.
• Impossibility of carrying out comparative studies on accident
rates between productive sectors of the country / or region.
• Lack of comparative studies between countries in the region on
the amount of investment in medical care for occupational
accidents.
Materials and Methods
The present study was based on an exhaustive review of the scientific
and technical literature on occupational accidents in the
manufacturing sector in Zone 8 of Ecuador. Updated data were
collected from reliable sources, such as government reports,
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occupational safety statistics, previous studies and undergraduate
thesis work that were developed with the research structure that was
established and applied. The data obtained were analyzed and used to
calculate accident rates and determine the main causes of occupational
accidents and diseases in the manufacturing sector. Also by
mathematical artifices the segregation of the figures of work accidents
among the subsectors that compose the manufacturing area was
performed.
PROBLEM-SOLVING HEURISTICS:
The heuristics used include the following steps:
• Identification of the companies belonging to the subsector.
• Segregation of the companies located in zone 8 (Guayaquil,
Durán and Samborondón), determination of the number of
occupational accidents and illnesses corresponding to zone 8.
• Stratification in large companies, SMEs and microenterprises.
• Accident rate projection for a 5-year period.
• Identification of the causes of the accident rate in the subsector.
• Determination of the average level of development of the
Occupational Risk Prevention Management System in the
companies involved in the study.
• Calculation of the Pearson correlation between the accident rate
and the Effectiveness Index of the Occupational Risk
Prevention Management System.
• Intervention proposal to the sectors depending on the results of
the correlation calculation (point 7).
• Determination of medical care costs per accident in the
subsectors.
For the present article, the first four stages of the heuristics mentioned
above were taken as a reference.
1. This research is based on five productive subsectors that were
analyzed, as follows:
2. C.I.I.U.-C.10: Processing of foodstuffs
3. C.I.I.U.-C-11: Beverage processing
4. C.I.I.U.-C-13: Manufacture of textile products
5. C.I.I.U.-C-17: Manufacture of paper and paper products
6. C.I.I.U.-C-22: Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
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In these five subsectors, the following data have been taken into
consideration in order to select one of them and apply the proposed
methodology:
• Number of companies comprising each subsector.
• Number of employees.
• Characteristics of the pilot company belonging to the subsector:
severity of accidents, Accident Incidence Rate per ten thousand
workers and Occupational Health and Safety Management
Effectiveness Index.
STEP 1: SELECTION OF THE SUBSECTOR TO BE ANALYZED
The information corresponding to the five subsectors is shown below:
• Sub-sector (C.I.I.U.)
• A: Projected number of accidents in 2023 (based on the
projection of accidents taking the figures of the last 10 years as
a reference).
• G.I.: Accident Severity Index.
• I.I.: Incidence rate of accidents per thousand workers.
• T: Working population of the subsector
• L: Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legal compliance
indicator.
• C: Correlation index between the variables number of accidents
versus OHS legal compliance.
Table 1 shows the data for each subsector.
Table 1. Data of the selected subsectors.
C.I.I.U.
A
(2023)
I.G.
I.I
c/10,000t
year 2018
T
(year
2018)
L
(%)
C
C-10
1687
ND
87.62
145.511
86.35
0,407(+)
C-11
6
58,0
85.99
11.047
86,35
0.85 (-)
C-13
45
85,0
84.92
12.128
64.7
0.95 (-)
C-17
96
27.3
53.60
14.177
75.52
0.26 (-)
C-22
23
84.90
79.18
18.058
62.30
0.97 (-)
NA: Data not available.
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Based on the figures presented in Table 1, subsector C-10 Food
products manufacturing is selected. The selection criteria are: greater
number of workers, higher incidence rate and Pearson correlation of
positive sign, i.e., despite having the subsector a greater legal
compliance, however, the accident rate increased during the period
analyzed. (Ana Bajaña, 2022; Calderón Tenorio, 2022; Quintero
Becerra, 2022; Veintimilla Franco, 2022)..
This sector is analyzed to observe how the figures of occupational
accidents and diseases behave in a given time range; also how these
figures are contrasted with the interest of the companies in preventing
risks and, based on their behavior, to show the advantages of this
proposal.
STEP 2: CALCULATION OF THE PEARSON CORRELATION INDEX.
Based on the information gathered, a correlation index is calculated
between the behavior of the Effectiveness Index (OHS legal
compliance) and the historical behavior of accidents, for a period of 5
years.
In order to interpret the relationship between the efficiency index and
the accident rate, we will find the correlation coefficient between the
two variables. For our study we will use Pearson's correlation
coefficient, which defines this level as between - 1 and 1, and we will
analyze whether it is negative or positive with the following formula:
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Applying Pearson's correlation formula, we obtained the correlation
coefficient between the OHS system effectiveness index and the
accident rate, obtaining that:
r = - 0,95
This result indicates a negative correlation, i.e. an inverse correlation
between
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the data used for its calculation, the lower the number of accidents, the
higher the efficiency index, or the higher the number of accidents, the
lower the efficiency index, or the higher the number of accidents, the
lower the efficiency index.
effectiveness.
STEP 3: RANKING OF COMPANIES BASED ON THE
CORRELATION OF ACCIDENTS vs EFFECTIVENESS RATE TO
INTERVENE OR INCENTIVATE
The presentation of this ranking is intended to encourage the Ministry
of Labor, as the entity in charge of controlling occupational risk
prevention, to intervene in sectors with low performance or to
stimulate companies and workers that stand out by reducing accidents
and occupational pathologies in the workplace.
In the future, the automation of the ranking and the creation of the
respective computer platform for the entry of the respective
information should be sought.
Results
The results obtained revealed that the occupational accident rate in
subsector C-10 Food processing of the manufacturing sector in Zone 8
of Ecuador has experienced an upward trend in recent years. Several
factors were identified as contributing to this situation, such as lack of
adequate worker training, precarious working conditions, obsolete
equipment and machinery, and a poor safety culture in some
companies. Also, a higher incidence of injuries was observed in certain
subsectors, such as the textile industry and chemical manufacturing.
The analysis of the results shows the need to implement effective
prevention measures in subsector C-10 Food Product Processing of the
manufacturing sector in Zone 8 of Ecuador. These measures should
include occupational safety training programs, regular inspections of
working conditions, improvement of infrastructure and equipment,
and promotion of a safety culture in all companies in the sector. In
addition, it is suggested that incentives and sanctions be implemented
to encourage compliance with labor safety standards.
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Conclusions
The occupational accident rate in subsector C-10 Food processing of
the manufacturing sector in Zone 8 of Ecuador is a significant problem
that requires immediate attention. The results of the present
investigation have provided an updated analysis of the situation,
highlighting the main causes of occupational accidents and illnesses in
the sector and proposing practical recommendations for improving
occupational safety and health. It is essential that both government
authorities and companies in the sector collaborate in implementing
the proposed measures to achieve a safer and healthier work
environment in Ecuador's Zone 8. In addition, it is established for
future research to continue with the analysis of the behavior of the
other subsectors of the manufacturing sector in Ecuador's Zone 8, so
that comparative statistical tables can be generated on the behavior of
the country's labor accident rate.
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